Dbx-1, method of manufacture, and device including the dbx-1

ABSTRACT

A composition including copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, wherein the composition has a carbon content of less than 7 weight percent, based on a total weight of the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

BACKGROUND (1) Field

Disclosed is a composition including copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate,methods for the manufacture of copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, and adevice including the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate composition.

(2) Description of the Related Art

In military and commercial blasting, an explosive chain reaction istypically initiated by detonation of a small quantity of a highlysensitive primary explosive material. Commercially available primaryexplosives include lead(II) azide and lead(II) styphnate. Because oftheir lead content, lead(II) azide and lead(II) styphnate pose anenvironmental, health, and safety hazard.

Copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (aka “DBX-1”), has proven to be a drop-inreplacement for lead(II) azide in many existing detonator designs. DBX-1has comparable explosive properties to lead(II) azide and avoids thetoxicity and other drawbacks associate with lead. In spite of this,DBX-1 has made little progress in replacing lead(II) azide or lead(II)styphnate due to issues with its production. Thus there remains a needfor an improved method to manufacture copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

SUMMARY

Disclosed is a composition including: copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate,wherein the composition has a carbon content of less than 7 weightpercent, based on a total weight of the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate, the method including: providing an electrochemicalcell having a working electrode and a counter electrode, and an aqueouselectrolyte disposed therein, wherein the aqueous electrolyte comprisesCu²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and a Group 17 anion; electrochemically reducing the Cu²⁺to form a Cu⁺ species; and contacting the Cu⁺ species with5-nitrotetrazolate to form copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

Also disclosed is method of manufacturing copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate,the method including: providing an electrochemical cell having a workingelectrode comprising Cu⁰ and a counter electrode, and an aqueouselectrolyte disposed therein, wherein the aqueous electrolyte comprisesSO₄ ²⁻ and a Group 17 anion;

-   -   electrochemically oxidizing the Cu⁰ to form a Cu⁺ species; and        contacting the Cu⁺ species with 5-nitrotetrazolate to form        copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

Also disclosed is a device including the composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other advantages and features of this disclosure willbecome more apparent by describing in further detail exemplaryembodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is an aspect of a detonator; and

FIG. 2 is an aspect of an electrochemical reactor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1) can be synthesized by reduction ofsodium 5-nitrotetrazolate with sodium ascorbate in the presence ofcopper(II) chloride. By this method, formation of isolable crystalsoccurs unpredictably which not only limits production yields, butbecause of the nature of primary explosives, presents significantdisposal and safety concerns. While not wanting to be bound by theory,it is understood that likely the non-isolable, poorly crystallized,material results from residual ascorbic acid, or decomposition productsthereof, that remain in the product composition mixture.

It has been surprisingly discovered that Cu⁺ is stable in aqueoussolutions comprising SO₄ ²⁻ and a Group 17 anion such as Cl⁻. Forexample, and while not wanting to be bound by theory, it is understoodthat the Cu⁺ species CuCl₂ ⁻ is stable in an aqueous solution comprisingSO₄ ²⁻ and Cl⁻, e.g., provided by dissolving Na₂SO₄ and NaCl in water.It has also been discovered that the aqueous solution comprising the Cu⁺species can be contacted with 5-nitrotetrazolate to provide copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1), which is less soluble in water and thus canbe isolated as a precipitate. The disclosed electrochemical method ofDBX-1 synthesis avoids the use of the organic reducing agent that isbelieved to result occasionally in non-isolable DBX-1. In an aspect, Cu⁺is provided electrochemically and reacted with 5-nitrotetrazolate toprovide DBX-1. The Cu⁺ can be provided by electrochemical reduction ofCu²⁺, or by electrochemical oxidation of Cu⁰.

The disclosed method provides DBX-1 having improved properties. As notedabove, and while not wanting to be bound by theory, it is understoodthat impurities from an organic reducing agent, e.g., ascorbic acid,likely results in unpredictable formation of non-isolable, poorlycrystallized, material. Because the disclosed electrochemical methodavoids the use of the organic reducing agent, such ascorbic acid,residual organic content in the DBX-1 reaction mixture solids isreduced. For example, the carbon content of the disclosed DBX-1 reactionmixture solids is less 7 weight percent (wt %), less than 6.9 wt %, 6.8wt % to 20 wt %, 6.9 wt % to 15 wt %, or 7 wt % to 10 wt %, or 6.8 wt %to 6.85 wt %, or 6.81 wt % to 6.84 wt %, based on an total weight of thecopper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate. The carbon content can be determined byelemental analysis, for example. The DBX-1 having the disclosed carboncontent can be reliably provided as a solid and formation ofnon-isolable, poorly crystallized material is avoided.

The content of ascorbate in the DBX-1 is less than 0.2 wt %, less than0.1 wt %, less than 0.01 wt %, or 0 to 1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.9 wt %,0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 0.4 wt %, based on an total weightof the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

In an aspect, the disclosed method involves electrochemical reduction ofCu²⁺ to Cu⁺, as shown in Scheme 1, wherein X is an element of Group 17,e.g, F, Cl, Br, or I.

In further detail, disclosed is a method of manufacturing copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate. The method comprises providing an electrochemicalcell having a working electrode and a counter electrode, and an aqueouselectrolyte disposed therein, wherein the aqueous electrolyte comprisesCu⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and a Group 17 anion; reducing the Cu²⁺ to form a Cu⁺species; and contacting the Cu⁺ species with 5-nitrotetrazolate to formcopper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate. Group, as used herein, refers to a Groupof the Periodic Table of the Elements.

The electrochemical cell may be a cell suitable for laboratorysynthesis, or may be a cell suitable for commercial production, such asa commercially available cell from Electrosynthesis, Co., of Lancaster,N.Y. The working electrode of the electrochemical cell may comprise ametal such as Pt, Pd, Au, or a combination thereof, carbon, or glassycarbon. A combination comprising at least one of the foregoing may beused. The counter electrode may comprise a metal such as Pt, Pd, Au, ora combination thereof, carbon, or glassy carbon. A combinationcomprising at least one of the foregoing may be used. Any suitablematerial for the working and counter electrodes may be used. Additionaldetails of the electrochemical cell can be determined by one of skill inthe art without undue experimentation, and thus will not be furtherelaborated upon herein for clarity.

In an aspect, an aqueous electrolyte comprising Cu²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and aGroup 17 anion is disposed in the electrochemical cell. The Cu²⁺ may beprovided by dissolving a Cu²⁺ compound in water. The Cu²⁺ compound maybe CuSO₄, a copper halide such as CuCl₂ ⁻, CuBr₂, CuI₂, or a combinationthereof, and maybe a hydrate thereof. A combination comprising at leastone of the foregoing may be used. Any suitable source of Cu²⁺ may beused. The SO₄ ²⁻ may be provided by dissolving a SO₄ ²⁻ compound inwater. The SO₄ ²⁻ compound may be an alkali metal sulfate, an alkalineearth metal sulfate, or an ammonium sulfate. A combination comprising atleast one of the foregoing may be used. The SO₄ ²⁻ compound may be ahydrate. Mentioned are Li₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄, K₂SO₄, Rb₂SO₄, Cs₂SO₄, BeSO₄,MgSO₄, CaSO₄, SrSO₄, BaSO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, or CuSO₄. The Group 17 anion maybe provided by dissolving a Group 17 salt in water. The Group 17 anionmay be an anion of an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt,or an ammonium salt. A combination comprising at least one of theforegoing may be used. The Group 17 anion may be F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, or I⁻.Mentioned are alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of F⁻, Cl⁻,Br⁻, or I⁻, such as LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl,LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, BeF₂, MgF₂, CaF₂,SrF₂, BaF₂, BeC₁₂, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, SrC₁₂, BaC₁₂, BeBr₂, MgBr₂, CaBr₂,SrBr₂, BaBr₂, BeI₂, MgI₂, CaI₂, SrI₂, or Bale. A combination comprisingat least one of the foregoing may be used. NaCl is mentioned.

A content of the Cu²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and the Group 17 anion are selected toprovide the desired reduction of Cu²⁺ to form the Cu⁺ species, and toprovide for the stabilization of the Cu⁺ species in the electrolyte. Theconcentration of Cu²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and the Group 17 anion may each beindependently selected and may each be 0.01 moles per liter (M) to 10 M,0.1 M to 5 M, 0.2 M to 1 M. Use of 0.5 M Na₂SO₄, 2 M NaCl, and 0.1 MCuSO₄ is mentioned.

The Cu²⁺ may be electrochemically reduced to form a Cu⁺ species byapplying a suitable potential at the working electrode. A suitablepotential is a potential which provides for reduction of the Cu²⁺ toCu^(t), and avoids alternative products, such as Cu⁰. Relative to aAg/AgCl reference electrode, the electrochemical reduction of the Cu³⁺may be accomplished by applying a potential of greater than −0.2 volts(V) to the working electrode, versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Thepotential at the working electrode may be −0.2 V to 0.5 V, −0.15 V to0.4 V, or −0.1 V to 0.3 V, each versus Ag/AgCl.

While not wanting to be bound by theory, it is understood that reductionof Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺ in the disclosed electrolyte results in soluble a Cu(I)Group 17 compound, e.g., CuCl₂ ⁻, in an aspect where the Group 17 anionis Cl⁻.

Contacting the solution of Cu(I) Group 17 compound, e.g., CuCl₂ ⁻, with5-nitrotetrazolate provides copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate. The copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate precipitates, permitting isolation of the DBX-1.Isolation may comprise filtration or centrifugation, for example. Thecontacting may comprise combining a stream comprising the solution ofthe Cu(I) Group 17 compound, e.g., CuCl₂ ⁻, and a stream comprising5-nitrotetrazolate. Combining the Cu(I) Group 17 compound and the streamcomprising 5-nitrotetrazolate may provide additional benefits, such asimproved safety, for example.

In an aspect, Cu⁰ can be electrochemically oxidized to provide a Cu⁺species, and the Cu⁺ species contacted with 5-nitrotetrazolate to formcopper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, as shown in Scheme II, wherein X is anelement of Group 17, e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I.

In further detail, disclosed is a method of manufacturing copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate comprising: providing an electrochemical cell havinga working electrode comprising Cu⁰ and a counter electrode, and anaqueous electrolyte disposed therein, wherein the aqueous electrolytecomprises SO₄ ²⁻ and a Group 17 anion; electrochemically oxidizing theCu⁰ to form a Cu⁺ species; and contacting the Cu⁺ species with5-nitrotetrazolate to form copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

An aqueous electrolyte comprising SO₄ ²⁻ and the Group 17 anion isdisposed in the electrochemical cell. The SO₄ ²⁻ may be provided bydissolving a SO₄ ²⁻ compound in water. As noted above, the SO₄ ²⁻compound may be an alkali metal sulfate, an alkaline earth metalsulfate, or an ammonium sulfate. A combination comprising at least oneof the foregoing may be used. Any suitable cation, such as Na⁺ or NH₄ ⁺,may be used. Mentioned are Li₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄, K₂SO₄, Rb₂SO₄, Cs₂SO₄, BeSO₄,MgSO₄, CaSO₄, SrSO₄, BaSO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, or CuSO₄. As noted above, theGroup 17 anion may be provided by dissolving a Group 17 salt in water.The Group 17 anion may be an anion of an alkali metal salt, an alkalineearth metal salt, or an ammonium salt. A combination comprising at leastone of the foregoing may be used. The Group 17 anion may be F⁻, Cl⁻,Br⁻, or I⁻. Mentioned are alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts ofF⁻, Cl⁻, Br, or I⁻, such as LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl,RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, BeF₂,MgF₂, CaF₂, SrF₂, BaF₂, BeCl₂, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, SrCl₂, BaCl₂, BeBr₂, MgBr₂,CaBr₂, SrBr₂, BaBr₂, BeI₂, MgI₂, CaI₂, SrI₂, or BaI₂. A combinationcomprising at least one of the foregoing may be used. NaCl is mentioned.The electrolyte may further comprise a Cu⁺ species. The Cu⁺ species canbe provided by oxidation of Cu⁰. Alternatively, or in addition, the Cu⁺species may be provided by including a Cu(I) salt, such as a Cu(I)halide, e.g., CuF, CuBr, CuCl, or CuI, in the electrolyte. Any of theforegoing compounds or salts may be a hydrate, if desired.

A content of the Cu⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and the Group 17 anion in the electrolyteare selected to provide the desired stabilization of Cu⁺, e.g., the Cu⁺species, in the electrolyte. The concentration of Cu⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and theGroup 17 anion may each be independently selected and may each be 0.01moles per liter (M) to 10 M, 0.1 M to 5 M, 0.2 M to 1 M. Use of 0.5 MNa₂SO₄, 2 M NaCl, and 0.1 M CuSO₄ is mentioned.

In an aspect, the working electrode comprises Cu⁰, consists of Cu⁰, oran alloy thereof. Also disclosed is a working electrode in which Cu⁰ isdisposed on a suitable inert support, such as a porous nickel support.

The Cu⁰ may be electrochemically oxidized to form a Cu⁺ species byapplying a suitable potential at the working electrode. A suitablepotential is a potential which provides for oxidation of the Cu⁰ to Cu⁺,and avoids alternative products, such as Cu²⁺. Relative to a Ag/AgClreference electrode, the electrochemical oxidation of Cu⁰ may beaccomplished by applying a potential of greater than −0.2 volts (V)versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode to the working electrode. Thepotential at the working electrode may be −0.2 V to 0.5 V, −0.15 V to0.4 V, or −0.1 V to 0.3 V, each versus Ag/AgCl.

Electrochemical potentials are disclosed relative to Ag/AgCl forconvenience. A different reference electrode could be used, e.g., astandard hydrogen electrode, and the applied potential adjustedaccordingly to provide the disclosed absolute potential, i.e., a sameelectrochemical driving force.

Also disclosed is a device comprising the composition, i.e., the DBX-1.The device may be a munition or a component thereof, such as adetonator. With reference to FIG. 1, The detonator may comprise a shell5, wires 6 and 7, and a bridge wire 8 embedded in a composition 9comprising or consisting of the DBX-1. If desired, the detonator maycontain an additional composition, e.g., additional compositions 10 or11, which may be provided in a capsule 12.

The invention has been described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings, in which various aspects are shown. This invention may,however, be embodied in many different forms, and should not beconstrued as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to thoseskilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elementsthroughout.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on”another element, it can be directly on the other element or interveningelements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element isreferred to as being “directly on” another element, there are nointervening elements present.

It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,”“third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements,components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components,regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms.These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region,layer or section from another element, component, region, layer orsection. Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or“section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component,region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms, including “at least one,” unless the content clearly indicatesotherwise. “At least one” is not to be construed as limiting “a” or“an.” “Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includesany and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or“comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in thisspecification, specify the presence of stated features, regions,integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do notpreclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It willbe further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly useddictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that isconsistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and thepresent disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized oroverly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to crosssection illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealizedembodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations asa result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances,are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not beconstrued as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustratedherein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example,from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described asflat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover,sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regionsillustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes arenot intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are notintended to limit the scope of the present claims.

PROPHETIC EXAMPLES Prophetic Example 1: Synthesis of DBX-1 by Cu²⁺Reduction, 2 Steps

NaCl (2 moles per liter (M)), Na₂SO₄ (0.5 M), and CuSO₄.(H₂O)₅ (0.1 M)will be dissolved in water to provide an aqueous solution.

The aqueous solution 24 will be disposed in a three electrode glassreactor 25 (Pine Research Instrumentation) fitted with a platinumworking electrode 21, a glassy carbon counter electrode 23 and a Ag/AgClreference electrode 22 as shown in FIG. 2.

An electric potential will be applied between the working and counterelectrodes to provide a potential of 0.1 volts versus Ag/AgCl at theworking electrode.

A solution containing 5-nitrotetrazolate will be added, resulting in theformation of a solid, which will precipitate from the aqueous solution.The precipitate will be isolated by filtration. Analysis will show theprecipitate to be copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

Prophetic Example 2: Synthesis of DBX-1 by Cu²⁺ Reduction, 1 Step

NaCl (2 moles per liter (M)), Na₂SO₄ (0.5 M), CuSO₄.(H₂O)₅ (0.1 M), and5-nitrotetrazolate (0.1M) will be dissolved in water to provide anaqueous solution.

The aqueous solution will be disposed in the three electrode glassreactor described above, fitted with a platinum working electrode, aglassy carbon counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode.

An electric potential will be applied between the working and counterelectrodes to provide a potential of 0.1 volts versus Ag/AgCl at theworking electrode.

A solid will form, which will precipitate from the aqueous solution. Theprecipitate will be isolated by filtration. Analysis will show theprecipitate to be copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

Prophetic Example 3: Synthesis of DBX-1 by Cu⁰ Oxidation

NaCl (2 moles per liter (M)) and Na₂SO₄ (0.5 M) will be dissolved inwater to provide an aqueous solution.

The aqueous solution will be disposed in a three electrode glass reactordescribed above, fitted with a copper working electrode, a glassy carboncounter electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode.

An electric potential will be applied between the working and counterelectrodes to provide a potential of 0.1 volts versus Ag/AgCl at theworking electrode.

A solution containing 5-nitrotetrazolate will be added to the reactor,resulting in the formation of a solid, which will precipitate from theaqueous solution. The precipitate will be isolated by filtration.Analysis will show the precipitate to be copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

The disclosed aspects described herein shall be considered in adescriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptionsof features or aspects within each embodiment should be considered asavailable for other similar features or aspects in other exemplaryembodiments. While an aspect has been described with reference to thefigures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the artthat various changes in form and details may be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising: copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate, wherein the composition has a carbon content of lessthan 7 weight percent, based on a total weight of the copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein thecomposition has a content of ascorbate of less than 0.1 weight percent,based on a total weight of the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.
 3. A methodof manufacturing copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, the method comprising:providing an electrochemical cell having a working electrode and acounter electrode, and an aqueous electrolyte disposed therein, whereinthe aqueous electrolyte comprises Cu²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and a Group 17 anion;electrochemically reducing the Cu²⁺ to form a Cu⁺ species; andcontacting the Cu⁺ species with 5-nitrotetrazolate to form copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the electrolytecomprises CuSO₄, NaCl, and Na₂SO₄.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein thereducing comprises reducing at a potential greater than −0.2 voltsversus Ag/AgCl.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the Group 17 anion isCl⁻, and the Cu⁺ species is CuCl₂ ⁻.
 7. The method of claim 3, whereinthe reducing comprises forming an aqueous stream comprising the Cu⁺species, and the contacting comprises contacting the aqueous streamcomprising the Cu⁺ species with an aqueous stream comprising the5-nitrotetrazolate to form the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.
 8. Themethod of claim 3, further comprising isolating the copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate.
 9. A method of manufacturing copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate, the method comprising: providing an electrochemicalcell having a working electrode comprising Cu⁰ and a counter electrode,and an aqueous electrolyte disposed therein, wherein the aqueouselectrolyte comprises SO₄ ²⁻ and a Group 17 anion; electrochemicallyoxidizing the Cu⁰ to form a Cu⁺ species; and contacting the Cu⁺ specieswith 5-nitrotetrazolate to form copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the Group 17 anion is Cl⁻, the Cu⁺ species isCuCl₂ ⁻, and further comprising isolating a solution comprising theCuCl₂ ⁻, and then contacting the solution comprising CuCl₂ with5-nitrotetrazolate to form the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.
 11. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the oxidizing comprises oxidizing at apotential of less than 0.2 volts versus Ag/AgCl.
 12. A device comprisingthe composition of claim
 1. 13. The device of claim 12 wherein thedevice is a munition.
 14. A device comprising the copper(I)5-nitrotetrazolate product of claim
 3. 15. A device comprising thecopper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate product of claim 10.